lifo liquidationto 这是哪个国家的语言啊

pyccknn是哪个国家的语言?
在 上买了个Newsmy A15 MP5 , 语言栏里有pyccknn选项,这是哪个国家的语言啊?
09-10-21 &匿名提问
请登录后再发表评论!(2)Sociolingugsticcompet;(3)¥抑ategiccompetence:Wt;Canale(1982)addedafourth;(4)Discoursecompetence:W;Inordertodeterminewhichc;Sinceitsappearanceinappl;AccordingtotheLingll;ali;(1).L
(2)Sociolingugsticcompetence:Whichaddressestheextenttowhichuttcl"aglCC¥ageproducedandunderstoodappropriatelyindifferentsociolinguistiecontextsdependingOncontextualfactors
(3)¥抑ategiccompetence:Wtfiehiscomposedofmasteryofverbalandnon-v豇'haleommtmication¥ttategiesthatmaybecalledintoactionfortwomainreaBoILs:(a)tocompensateforbreakdownsincommunicationduetolimitingconditionsinactualcommunicati∞Ortoinsufficientcompetenceinoneormoreoftheotherareasofcommunicativecompetence;and(b)tOenhancetheeffectivenessofcommunication
Canale(1982)addedafourthcomponent,discoursecompetence:
(4)Discoursecompetence:Wldchenncgq'II¥themasteryofhowtocombinegrammaticalformswithmeaningstoachieveaunifiedspokenorwrittentextindifferentgenres
Inordertodeterminewhichcomponentstoteach,CanaleandSwainarguedthateachshouldbeaddressedintermsofitsprobabilityofoeA,qln'enceasbasedOnauthentictexts.Thatis,choicesforwhattoincludeinacurriculumforlanguageclassroomsshouldbebasedOnallanalysisofthelinguistic,sociolinguistic,discourseandstrategiccomponentscomprisingthosecommunicativeactivitiesinwhichlearnersofforeignorsecondlanguageWereinterestedinbecomingcompaent.
Sinceitsappearanceinappliedlinguistics,othershaveattemptedtoUSetheconceptofcommunicativecompetence,anditsunderlyingtheoryoflanguage,toconstructframeworksforthedesignoflanguagecurriculaandtests.OneofthemorecomprehensiveframeworkstodateisthatbyCelce-Murciaeta1.Theirmodelconsistsoffiveinterrelatedareasofcompetence:discourse,linguistic,aetionalOrrhetorical,sociocultural,andstrategic.
AccordingtotheLingll;alinksLibrary(1999),私fortheaspectsofcommunicativeenmpetenee,eightaspoetsareidentified.Theyalegroupedtogetherintwogroupsoffour:
(1).Linguisticaspects
①Phonologyandorthography驰
②GTamnlar
③Vocabulary
,一@{峰笋―-掣,.枷a1b――――――――――――――――――一一一..
(2).Pragmaticaspects
⑤Functions
⑥Variations
⑦Interactionalskills
⑧Culturalframework
Basedonthis,theabove-mentionedculturalcompetence咖beincorporatedintothesocio-lingnisticcompetencetOformtheseconddimensionofinterculturalcommunicativecompetence,i.e.social-culturalo删∞pet觚c’withthefirstandthethird∞铭beinggrammaticalcompetenceandstrategiccompetencerespectively.Interculturalcommunicativecompetenceismulti-dimensionalinllatlⅡ'e,entailingnotonlylingulsdccompetenceandabodyofknowledgeaboutexistinggeneralculturalfacts,butalsothepowerofperceivingandinterpretingsocio-cultoralevents,andthebehavioralabilityofcopingindependentlywithinterculturalencotmtcraintheircomplexity.
Thenotionofcommunicativecompetencehelpsusto瓣thatlanguage嗽
involvesnotjustknowledgeofandabilitytOusclanguageforms。italsoinvolvesknowledgeandabilitytou8elanguageinwaysthatare,toUSOHymes'sterms.sociallyappropriate,feasibleandcontextuallycalledfor.Themanyattemptsovertheyearstoconceptualizethevarioussociallyconstituteddimensionsofourlinguistic职∞u∞eswiththisconceptinmindhavehelpedinthedesignofcurriculaandsyllabiforlanguageclassrootmbyprovidingblueprintsforidentifyingthesubstanceofthecommunicativeplusthatmoreexped∞cedparticipantsu辩toguidetheirparticipationinactivitiesandeventsdeemedtobeimportanttolearners.Assuch,theyprovideso吣basisformakingdecisionsaboutthecurncularcontentoflanguageclassrooms.
Thefollowingisaquotationfi'omHenryWiddowson(1989:136)onthesignificanceofthe∞nc印tofcommunicativecompetenceforlanguageteaching.
HymesoriginallyproposedtheconceptofcommunicativecompetencemoppositiontOtheconceptofgrammaticalcompetence.Ifonefollowsthroughtheimplicationsofhisproposal...IthinkwearriveatarecognitionoftheneedtoshiftgrammarfromitspreeminenceandtoatlowfortherigMfulclaimsoflexis.Linguisticsmaybeaboutgrammarratherthanlanguage.Butthestudyandteaching矿languageisaboutalotmorethanthat,andgrammarneedstobeput加豇splace.Thereareruleso/we…,etc.butrules,ofuse,orofanythingelse,areuselessunlesstheycanbeeffectivelyactedupon,unlessthescope
understoo正
5.2.2Fosteringcommunicativecompetence
Theconceptofcommunicativecompetencehasimportantimplicationsforselectionandsequencinginlanguageteachingcurricula,buttherearesignificantlimitationsontheextenttowhichtheconstructCan(orshould)transferfromfirsttosecond01"foreignlanguagecontexts,particularlybecauseofthedifferentrelationshipsthatholdbetweenfirstandsecondorforeignlanguageandculture.Withinthedefinitionofcommunicativecompetence,forinstance,thecontextofwhataspeakernegd8toknowdependsOnthesocialcontextinwhichheorsheisorwillheusingthelanguageandthepurposesheorshewillhavefordoingSO.Fromthisperspective,nativelanguagenorn惦inmanycasesconstituteallinappropriatetargetforinstruction,evenforlearnersofasecondlanguagewhowillfunctionwithinthenativelanguagespeechcommunity.Forwhatmayconstitutemorereasonabletargetsofinstruction,thenextsectionswillfocusOil蛳stic,culturalandinteractionalcomponentsofcommunicativecompetence.
5.2.2.1Linguisticknowledge.,.
TeachingEFLintheChiuesccontexttraditionallytargetstheformofEnglish(Phonology,grammarandvocabulary),whichapersonneedstoknowaboutinhiscommunication."Butaknowledgeoftheform(evenwhenthatknowledgeisperfect)
.虫苎!盟鲤出垡螋塑竺垡!塑唑塑垫塑苎!垒竺型型型竺型!型!虫墅坠竖!旦业咝does
aimnotenableapersontocommunicate'’(Li,1987).Anylanguageteachingshouldtohelpthelearnersacquirenotonlyknowledgeofthe
tOform,butcommunicativecompetence.Theability
byservingasdiscriminatebetweenvariantswhichcarrysocialmeaningmarkersofsocialcategoriesandthosewhich.、r●,are卿酝斫诋i酗晚an尸‘。。
andtheknowledgeofwhatthesocialmeaningofavariantisinaparticularsituationarecomponentsofcommunicativecompetence.Recognizingthepatterningandsignificanceofvariationinlanguageisofcentralconcerntosociolinguists,sinceitplayssuchalargepartinconveyingsocialmeaning.Paulston(1974)wasamongthefirsttocallfortheextensionofthisdistinctiontolanguageinstruction,sayingthateVenso-calledcommunicativeapproachestoteachingwerelargelylimitedtoreferentialmeaning.Rather,socialmeaninginvolves‘'thesocialvaluesimpliedwhen。allutteranceisusedinacortalncontext"(Gumperz,1971。p.285).CommunicativecompetenceinEnglishismadeupofthreecomponentparts:linguisticcompetence,pragmaticQ)mpeten∞,andcognitiveandaffectivecapacity.TraditionalEnglishteachingfocusesonlyon彻edimensionofthecommunicativecompetence,ignoringtheothertwo.Thestmctura/istsbelievethat"teachersshouldteachthelanguage,notaboutthelanguage"(J.C.Richards&T.S.Rodgers,1986).Onthe‘stimulus-response’basis,theyclainlthatforeignlanguagelearningisamechanicalhabit-formationprocess.Bydoingpatterndrillsandrecitingdialogues,thelearnersarcexpectedtominimizethechancesofmakingmistakessothattheyeanformagoodhabit.Typicalpatterndrillsinclude:"AskmeifIhave∞∞anymovieslately'’。‘'Askmewhothescreenwriteris'’.Thelearnersrespondgrammaticallycorrectly:‘'Haveyon∞∞觚ymovieslately7.",“WhoisthesereenwriterT/(Yang,1998)Yet,languageisnotjustwordsandgrammar.Thereisalwayscontentwhenpeoplecommunicate.Learnersa把humanbeings.Theyhavetheircognitiveandaffectivecapacity.Pragmaticcompetenceisalsone百ectedintraditionalandmucturalistlanguageteaching.Actually,thiscompetence‘‘enableslearnerstoknowhowdifferentcommunicativefimetiounarerealizedinEn#ish,andwhocallsaywhattowhom,how,when,why,underwhatcircumstancesandinwhatcontext"(Li,1987).InEFLclassroomoftheChinesecontext,teachersshouldhelpthelearnerstodeveloptheSl_●’.
communicativecompetencefromthedimensionsoflinguisticcompetence,pragmaticcompetenceandcognitiveandaffectivecapability.
WhileteachingtheknowledgeofformsofEnglish,teachersshouldalsoprovideinformationabouttheusageofEnglishlanguage.Forexample,theutterance“Sitdownplease'’hastheillooutionaryforceofcommand.It’sinappropriatetoaddresstoavisiting如rcignguest.Instead,theChmesehostshouldmakeanotherutterancewiththeillocutionaryactsofinvitation,suchas‘'Pleasetakeaseat'’or‘'Beseatedplease'’.Inordertolearnthestandard,decentEnglish,EFLlearnersshouldbeexposedto‘'authenticlanguage'’(Li,1984)ofEnglish."Authenticlanguage'’isthelanguagethatapersonu8e8inreallifotoachievecommunicativepurposes.Let’slookatthefollowingdialogue:
Billy:Excuseme,Miss,couldyoupleasetellme矿thisisthewaytothebusinessdepartment?
Miss:Yes,豇ia.Gotothefarendofthehall,turnright,andyou'11bethere.Billy:Thankyou.Bytheway,whattimedoyoustartworkhere?堍Miss:Westartateight-thirtyinthemorning.
Billy:Doyouworkonweekends?
Miss:No,weonlyhaveaone-hourbreakforlunch.Weopenatoneo'clockinthe妒er雄DD玎.
Bitly:Doyouworkonweekends?
Miss:Yes,butonlyonSaturdaymorning.
Billy:Howmanyemployeesarethereinthiscompany?
Miss:Th钟"reabouttwohundred.
Billy:Doyoueverworkovertime?
Miss:Yes,butontywhenwe'revery脚Thatrarelyhappens.Billy:Areyoursalarieshigh7...,
Miss:…
fan,‘'TwoWayEnglish'’BookⅡ,PP.n-t2)
Thisisobviouslyapattern-drillpracticefabricatedbythecompilerofthebook.Indailycommunicationofourreallife,thereisaformulaofthespeechactssetof52
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#include &stddef.h&struct lifo_node
&&& volatile struct lifo_node *
};struct lifo
void init() {
&&& top = NULL;
&&& cnt=0;
} void push(lifo_node *node) {
&& struct lifo old_val, new_
&&&& old_val = *
&&&& node-&next = old_val.
&&&& new_val.top =
&& }while(!CAS2(this, old_val, new_val));
lifo_node * pop() {
&& struct lifo_node *
&& struct lifo old_val, new_
&&&& old_val = *
&&&& node = old_val.
&&&& new_val.top = old_val.
&&&& t = t+1;
&& }while(!CAS2((this), old_val, new_val));
} struct lifo_node *
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微信扫一扫英语是哪个国家的语言?3Q
英语分两种,英式英语适用于英国,而美式英语适用于美国.这不分哪一个国的英语
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在世界上以英语为母语的国家有十余个,它们是:美国,加拿大,英国,爱尔兰,澳大利亚,新西兰,南非,印度
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